Pain
1. Pain Definition
Pain is a condition caused by a certain stimulus.
Pain stimuli can be physical or mental stimuli, while damage can occur to the actual tissue in each individual.
Pain is subjective and individual (Potter & Perry 2010). Pain is a sensory that arises due to painful stimuli in the form of biological, chemical, heat, electrical and mechanical substances (Prasetyo, 2010). Pain is an uncomfortable feeling and is very subjective and only the person who experiences it can explain and evaluate the feeling (Mubarak, 2007).
2. Pain Classification
According to Monahan, et al (2007), pain is classified into two, namely:
a. Acute pain is defined as pain of identifiable cause, of short duration, and followed by increased muscle tension and anxiety. Muscle tension and anxiety can increase the perception of pain. For example, there is an injury due to an injury or operation.
b. Chronic pain is defined as pain that cannot be clearly identified. Chronic pain usually occurs over a period of 3-6 months.
3. Pathophysiology of Pain
The process of pain according to Hartanti (2008) is as follows: when a body part is injured by pressure, cuts, incisions, cold, or lack of oxygen to the cells, the injured body part will release various substances that are normally present in the intracellular space. When intracellular substances are released into the extracellular space, they irritate nociceptors.
These nerves will be stimulated and move along nerve fibers or neurotransmission which will produce substances called neurotransmitters, which carry pain messages from the spinal cord to be transmitted to the brain and perceived as pain.
4. Influencing Factor
According to Tamsuri (2008), there are various factors that influence each individual's pain response, including:
a. Age
Pain responses at all ages are different where children are still unable to express pain, so nurses must examine the pain response in children.
b. Gender
Men and women are significantly different in responding to pain, even more influenced by cultural factors (it is inappropriate for men to complain of pain, women can complain of pain).
c. Culture
People learn from their culture, how they should respond to pain, for example, a region adheres to the belief that pain is a result that must be accepted because they make mistakes, so they don't complain if there is pain.
d. Meaning of pain
In relation to how a person experiences pain and how to overcome it.
e. Attention
The degree to which a client focuses his or her attention on pain can affect the perception of pain. Increased attention is associated with increased pain while distraction effort is associated with decreased pain response. Deep breathing relaxation technique is a technique for dealing with pain.
f. Anxiety
Anxiety will increase the perception of pain. On the other hand, pain can cause an individual to become anxious.
g. Past experience
An individual who has successfully overcome pain in the past and now the same pain appears, then he will more easily cope with the pain. Whether or not an individual easily copes with pain depends on past experiences in dealing with pain.
h. Coping pattern
Adaptive coping patterns will make it easier for an individual to cope with pain and conversely maladaptive coping patterns will make it difficult for an individual to cope with pain.
i. Family and social support
Individuals experiencing pain often rely on family members or close friends for support and protection.
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